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1031 Exchange – An exchange which is officially called an Internal Revenue Code 1031 Exchange which allows an owner to trade one like property for another under very specific guidelines and defer paying income tax.

Abandonment – The voluntary surrender, relinquishment, disclaimer or cession of property ownership claims or rights done with an intention to abandon or give them up or from a failure to use the property.

Abatement –A termination, ending, reduction or decrease which usually applies to the assessed value of ad valorem taxes following their assessment and levy.

Abatement of nuisance – A termination or extinction of a nuisance. See Nuisance.

Abrogate – An act that repeals a law or custom which makes it void.

Absentee owner – An owner who does not live or mange his or her own property but uses the services of a property manager.

Absolute auction – A form of sale where the property is offered without a reserve price and which will be sold to the highest bidder.

Absolute auction with minimum opening bid – A form of sale that has the best features of both an auction with a reserve and an absolute auction.

Absolute ownership – See Fee simple estate.

Absorbtion rate – An estimate of the amount of sales or occupancy that can be anticipated over a determined period.

Abstract –A summary of a finding of facts provided so the reader will not have to read all of the associated documents.

Abstract of judgement – A summary of the essential provisions of a money judgment by a court that when recorded in the recorder’s office becomes a lien on the debtor’s presently-owned or after-acquired property.

Abstract of title – A summary or brief but complete history, which in some areas it is reviewed by an attorney and includes actual copies of the records, of all of the recorded conveyances, transfers, legal proceedings and other facts in the public records that can be relied on as evidence of title and which show continuity of ownership along with any other elements of record which may impair the title.

Abstraction – A land valuing method where the indicated value of the improvement is deducted from the sales price leaving the value of only the land.

Abstractor – A person who, historically, searches out anything affecting the title to real property and summarizes the information in the findings

Abutting – Something touching or bordering like land that is adjoining other land.

Accelerated Cost Recovery System, ACRS – A part of the IRS system designed to recover taxes not paid as a result of depreciation taken on depreciable real property that was acquired and placed into service starting in 1981.

Accelerated depreciation – A method of cost write-off, which permits an earlier recovery of capital and a faster tax write-off of an asset, in which depreciation allowances are greater in the first few years of ownership than in subsequent years.

Acceleration clause – A clause in a real estate financing instrument that gives the lender the power to declare all sums owed to be immediately due and payable upon the happening of a specific event such as sale of the property or the delinquency of a note payment.

Acceptance – One of the four essential elements of a valid contract whereby the offeree agrees or consents to the terms of an offer therefore establishing the meeting of the minds.

Access right – A right that an owner has over the adjoining owner’s property to ingress and egress his or her real property.

Accessibility – A right that the public has over private real property to reach public or private land maintained for public use.

Accession – An addition to property by the incorporation or union done through natural forces or by the efforts of man.

Accommodating party – An intermediary who holds money or property for a short time to facilitate a Section 1031 exchange. See Qualified intermediary.

Accommodation recording –The recording of instruments by a title company with the county recorder strictly as a convenience to a customer and without assuming any responsibility for their correctness or validity.

Accredited Management Organization, AMO – A property management firm that has been granted special competency status by the Institute of Real Estate Management.

Accretion – The gradual and imperceptible accumulation of land along the shore or banks which is called alluvium that is done by natural forces such as the sea or a river. See Alluvium.

Accrual for depreciation – In appraisal, a provision in the income approach in which a return of the investment is provided for out of the income by way of the capitalization rate.

Accrual method – An accounting method that calls for income to be booked when the income is earned and expenses when the obligation becomes payable. See Cash method.

Accrued – Something that has been accumulated over a period of time for future disposition or use.

Accrued depreciation – The actual monetary difference between the cost to replace a property as of the date of the original appraisal and the present appraised depreciated value.

Accrued items of expense – Those expenses shown on a balance sheet or closing statement such as real estate taxes that have been incurred but are not yet payable which get credited to the buyer on the closing statement and who will pay them later on behalf of the seller.

Accumulated depreciation – In accounting, the amount of depreciation expense that has been claimed to date. See Accrued depreciation.

Accusation – A written statement delivered by a Real Estate Commissioner to a licensee prior to a disciplinary action hearing regarding the possible revocation or suspension of his or her license setting forth the acts or omissions for which the licensee is being charged.

Acknowledgment – 1. A formal declaration by a person who has executed, signed, an instrument before a state-authorized person such as a notary public stating that the execution was his or her free act. 2. An acknowledgment also is the statement by a notary public who has seen proof that the signer of the instrument is actually the person who is identified in the document which entitles it to be used as evidence without further proof.

Acknowledgment of a deed – A form of authenticating instruments conveying property or otherwise conferring rights whereby a public declaration is made via the signature of the grantor(s) which serve as evidence as being his or her intentional act or deed.

Acoustical tile – A block of fiberous material or metal having small holes or a rough-textured surface that is used to cover interior walls or ceilings to absorb sound.

Acquisition – The act or process by which a person obtains ownership of or an interest in property.

Acquisition cost – The price including all fees paid to purchase a property.

Acre – A unit of land measure equaling 43,560 square feet or a tract about 208.71 feet square or 160 square rods or 4,840 square yards.

ACRS – See Accelerated Cost Recovery System.

Act of God – An unpreventable destructive event resulting from natural world forces.

Action – A lawsuit filed with a court.

Action of the sun – A consideration used in the selection of a location for a retail store which holds that the shadiest sides of the street – the south and west sides – are considered the most desirable.

Active participation – A type of investor position involves things like approving new tenants, rental terms and capital or repair expenditures which is less strict than for material participation which determines how personal income is taxed. See Material participation.

Actual age – The number of years an improvement has existed.

Actual authority – That authority expressly given in words by a principal or given by the law which has not been denied by that principal.

Actual depreciation – The depreciation that has occurred as a result of physical, functional or economic forces and have caused a loss in the value of a building.

Actual eviction – The removal of a tenant by a legal process.

Actual fraud – A deliberate misrepresentation or a representation made in reckless disregard of its truth or its falsity or the suppression of truth or a promise made without any intention to perform it or any other act intended to deceive.

Actual notice – A notice that has been expressed in words, or can be see with the eyes or can be implied by knowledge of a fact.

Ad valorem – A Latin phrase meaning according to value that is usually used in reference to real estate taxation.

Ad valorem tax – A real estate tax that is based according to either a percentage of or actual market value being multiplied by the current tax rate to arrive at the amount of tax to be paid.

ADA – See Americans with Disabilities Act.

Addendum – A thing added or attached to a contract that is sometime called a rider. More than one are called addenda.

Adjacent – A property that is near or in the neighborhood of other property but not necessarily touching that property but it is also sometimes used to refer to adjoining, contiguous or touching property such as the immediately adjacent property.

Adjoining – A property that is touching or contiguous as distinguished from property being near or adjacent.

Adjudged incompetent – A person who has been declared by the courts to be incapable of handling his or her own affairs.

Adjustable Rate Mortgage, ARM – A mortgage loan that bears interest at a rate that is subject to change and therefore adjustable during the term of the loan on a pre or otherwise determined basis that was agreed to at the inception of the loan to make it more closely in alignment with current rates.

Adjusted cost basis – The financial interest of an asset which equals its cost basis plus the value of any capital improvements, less any depreciation, which the IRS attributes to the owner at the time of sale for the purpose of determining any taxable gain or loss. Also know as Adjuested cost basis. See Cost basis.

Adjustments – In appraising, a means by which characteristics of a residential property are regulated or compared using dollar amounts or percentages to have them conform to similar characteristics of another residential property.

Administration – The management of a business, activity or resource.

Administrative Procedure Act – A state law that established the procedures that a Real Estate Commissioner must follow in order to discipline a licensee.

Administrator – A person who has been granted authority by the probate court to administer the estate of a deceased person who died intestate or without a will. Administratrix is the term used for a woman.

Administrator’s deed – A deed used to convey the property of one who has died intestate or without a will by the court-appointed party in charge.

Administratrix – See Administrator.

Adobe house – See Pueblo.

Adult – Someone who has attained the age of majority which is 18 or 21 depending on the state and the circumstances.

Advance – A transfer of funds from a lender to the borrower in advance of a loan.

Advance commitment – A prior agreement by an institutional investor to provide long-term financing upon the completion of a construction project. Also known as a “take-out loan commitment”.

Advance fee – 1. A fee paid in advance of any services rendered such as in obtaining a loan. 2. Sometimes unlawfully charged in connection with the illegal practice of obtaining a fee in advance by a person representing himself as a real estate licensee or a representative of a licensed real estate firm for the advertising of property or businesses for sale but with no intention of trying to obtain a buyer.

Advancement – A gift from a parent to a child in anticipation of the share the child will eventually inherit from the parent’s estate which is intended to be deducted from the inheritance.

Adverse possession – A method of acquiring title to real property through the continued possession of the property under certain conditions for the statutory period by a person who is other than the owner of record.

Advertising – A promotional announcement made to inform the public in order to to produce action and aid in the sale of real property.

Affiant – Any person who makes an affidavit or gives evidence.

Affidavit – A statement or declaration reduced to writing and sworn to or affirmed before a public official who has authority to administer an oath or affirmation.

Affidavit of title – A written statement made by a grantor under oath and acknowledged before a notary public which identifies the grantor and his or her marital status and certifies that since the date of the title examination there have been no known judgments, bankruptcies or divorces, no unrecorded deeds, contracts, unpaid repairs or improvements or defects of title and that the grantor is in possession of the property.

Affirm – To declare, confirm, verify, aver, or ratify.

Affirmation – The confirmation of a former judgment or court order or a principal of an agent’s acts.

Affirmative action program – A detailed plan used to overcome the causes and affects of discriminatory policies in the hiring, employment and/or training of minority members of society.

Affirmative easement – The right to make some positive use of land belonging to another, such as a right of way.

Affirmative lending – A requirment of a federally-chartered lending institution under the Community Reinvestment Act to attempt to make the demographic distribution of loan recipients more closely match that of an area’s residents or depositors.

Affirmative Marketing Agreement, AMA – An agreement originated by the National Association of REALTORS® regarding the manner in which real property is marketed which promotes the letter and spirit of the Federal Fair Housing Law by the cooperation of the real estate profession.

Affordable housing – A comprehensive term applied to the efforts of the public and private sectors to help low- and moderate-income people purchase homes through programs that offer lower down payments, easier loan-qualifying rules, and/or below-market interest rates.

A-frame – A post-World War II housing style shaped like one or more As which was typically used for vacations.

After-acquired title – The receipt of property occurring after a particular date or defined event such as where there has been an execution of a mortgage to property not yet owned but will be owned.

Agency – An expressed contractual relationship which can be created orally or in writing in which a principal authorizes and empowers the agent to act on behalf of the principal in dealing with third parties and further agrees to accept full liability for the agents acts. See Implied agency.

Agency coupled with an interest – An agency relationship where the agent holds an estate or interest in the property which is the subject of the agency relationship.

Agency disclosure statement – A written declaration signed by a prospective seller or buyer informing that party who the licensee will be working for and of the role that the licensee will be playing in a specific transaction.

Agent – A natural or legal person who has either expressed or implied authority to act for and represent another party known as the principal typically in business matters.

Agreement – An exchange of promises, a meeting of the minds, a mutual understanding or arrangement in contract law.

Agreement of sale – A written agreement or contract between a vendor, seller, and a vendee, purchaser, in which they reach a meeting of minds and whereby the purchaser agrees to buy specific real estate and the seller agrees to sell it upon specific terms and conditions set forth in the contract.

Air lot – A specific identifiable parcel of real property located in the air which is capable of being transferred just like a parcel on the ground.

Air rights – The real property rights a party has to the reasonable use of the air space above the surface of the ground.

Air space – The area located above ground level where the title to it belongs to the land. See Air rights.

AIREA – See American Institute of Real Estate Appraisers.

Alienate – To transfer or send away or sell ownership.

Alienation – The voluntary or involuntary transferring of property and possession of land or other things from one party to another.

Alienation clause – A clause in a contract that gives the lender specific rights in the event that the mortgaged property is sold or transferred.

All-inclusive mortgage – A purchase money mortgage that is subordinate to, but also including, the original loan.

All-inclusive rate – A rate which includes charges for title insurance, searching or abstract fees and examination fees.

Allodial land – A typical parcel of land in the U.S today that is held in absolute independence without it being subject to any rent, service or any acknowledgment to a superior other than the state. See opposite Feudal land.

Allodial system – A real property ownership system in the U.S today in which ownership is free and clear of everything except for any governmentally-held rights and which is the opposite of the feudal system.

Allodial tenure – A real property ownership system where ownership may be absolute except for those governmentally-held rights. See contrased Feudal tenure.

Alluvial deposit – The sand or mud transported by water and deposited on land and causing an ownership increase.

Alluvion– The gradual increase of the earth on the shore of an ocean or stream bank resulting from the soil deposited by the action of the water. Also know as Alluvium.

Alluvium – See Alluvion.

ALTA – See American Land Title Association policy.

Alternative minimum tax – An aspect of the federal income tax program which is a flat tax applied on an “alternative minimum taxable income” basis to ensure that everyone with income above a certain level pays some income tax.

Ambulatory – That which is generally movable and when applied to wills meaning revocable.

Amendment – A change either to alter, add to, or correct part of an agreement without changing its principal idea or essence.

Amenities – The satisfaction of enjoyable living derived from a home such as the conditions of agreeable living or a beneficial influence from the location that cannot be measured in money but are tangible and intangible benefits of the property which often result in greater pride of ownership and are sometime referred to as amenity return.

Amenity – The benfits a property offers such as a good neighborhood, schools, parks, a view or other tangible or intangible assets.

America ’s Community Bankers – The member institutions representing a broad diversity of community banking which identify themselves by a variety of names such as savings banks, savings and loan associations, cooperative banks and commercial banks and who can be either state or federally chartered or stock-owned and mutuals.

American Bankers’ Association, ABA – A trade association of commercial bankers.

American Institute of Real Estate Appraisers, ALFA – A trade association of real estate appraisers which conducts educational programs, publishes materials and promotes research on real estate appraisal and confers the MAI, Member Appraisal Institute and the RM, Residential Member designations.

American Land Title Association Homeowner’s policy, ALTA – A title insurance policy that provides buyers and owners with their own protection in much of the same way that the ALTA, American Land Title Association, policy protects lenders.

American Land Title Association policy, ALTA – A type of title insurance policy issued by title insurance companies to protect lenders from the risks normally insured against under the standard type policy but also includes unrecorded mechanic’s liens, unrecorded physical easements, facts a physical survey would show, water and mineral rights, and rights of parties in possession such as tenants and buyers under unrecorded instruments.

American Land Title Association, ALTA – An organization that is composed of title insurance companies which sets the industry standards including the title insurance policy forms used nationally.

American Society of Appraisers, ASA – The national professional and trade association for appraisers and appraisal firms.

American Society of Real Estate Counselors, ASREC – A national professional and trade association of developers, consultants and experienced advisors on all real estate matters which confers the CRE, Counselor of Real Estate designation.

Americans with Disabilities Act, ADA – A federal act that protects the rights of people with disabilities in their employment and their access to public facilities.

AMO – See Accredited Management Organization.

Amortization – The gradual elimination of a liability, such as in a mortgage through regular payments over a specified period of time that are sufficient to cover both the principal and the interest.

Amortization schedule – A table showing the periodic principal and interest payment requirements and the unpaid loan balance for each period for the life of a loan.

Amortization table – A table showing the required equal payment needed to amortize a loan at various interest rates over various periods of time.

Amortized loan – A loan where the principal and interest are repaid according to a plan that calls for a series of equal or nearly equal in monthly or other periodic installment payments and without any special balloon payment prior to maturity. Also known as a level payment loan.

Anchor tenant – The key tenant in a commercial development such as a retail shopping mall whose quality often determines the size of a loan that the owner can obtain.

Annexation – 1. A method of changing personal property into real property. 2. The adding of real property to other adjacent real property to increase its size and value.

Annual cap – A limit on the amount of adjustment that can be made to the interest rate of an adjustable rate mortgage over a twelve-month period. See Cap.

Annual Percentage Rate, APR – The identified annual cost of credit expressed as a percentage in accordance with standards set forth in Regulation Z of the Federal Truth in Lending Act.

Annuity – A sum of money received at regular fixed intervals in certain equal or nearly equal payments such as the installment rent payments due to a landlord under a lease or the installment payments due to a lender over a period of time or paid at times in a lump sum future payment.

Antitrust laws – The laws passed with the intention to protect the free enterprise system of the open market that make certain private conspiracies to establish set commission rates called price-fixing and forming agreements to limit business dealings to fixed areas or markets to minimize competition illegal.

Apartment building – A multifamily rental dwelling of individual housing units called apartments which frequently have a common entrance and hallways.

Apex – The highest point or peak on a triangle from which the altitude is measured from the base.

Appeals board – A governmental body empowered to hear real estate tax appeals from aggrieved petitioners which has the power to overturn local permitting agency and code enforcement agency decisions. Also know as the Board of Zoning Appeals.

Appellant – The party appealing a court decision or ruling.

Application Fee – The part of the closing costs that pre-paid to the lender at time of application to cover the initial expenses.

Apportionment – The division of rights or liabilities among several parties who are entitled to them or liable for them in accordance with their respective interests.

Appraisal – An estimate or opinion of value of a specific property as of a specific date resulting from an analysis of the facts about that property by an qualified impartial third party.

Appraisal date – The date to which the value stated in an appraisal report applies.

Appraisal fee – An amount paid to purchase an appraisal report.

Appraisal Foundation – An organization formed in the 1980s to encourage uniform requirements for appraisal qualifications and reporting standards with two principal boards, the Appraiser Qualifications Board which establishes and publishes qualifications for state licensing and certification of appraisers and the Appraisal Standards Board which promulgates the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice, USPAP.

Appraisal Institute – An organization of professional appraisers formed in 1991 by the merger of the American Institute of Real Estate Appraisers and the Society of Real Estate Appraisers which confers the MAI designation to those qualified to appraise any property and SRA designation to those primarily qualified to appraise residences.

Appraisal inventory – A compilation of all of the specific items that make up the property that were valued by the appraiser and included in an appraisal report.

Appraisal report – A report setting forth the estimate and conclusion of appraised value along with the pertinent information concerning the appraised property as well as the evidence and analysis leading to the reported estimate of value.

Appraiser – A person who is in the business of making appraisals for a fee or salary and is qualified to estimate the value of real and personal property based on education, training, experience, judgment of facts and the use of the formal appraisal processes.

Appreciation – The increase in value of property over a time period.

Appropriation – The setting aside land for use by the public.

Appropriation of water – The taking, impounding or diversion of water flowing on the public domain from its natural course and the application of the water to some beneficial use personal and exclusive to the appropriator.

Approved attorney – An attorney acceptable to a title company whose opinion will be the basis for the title insurance company to issue a title insurance policy to the insured.

Appurtenance – Something which passes with the transfer of property but is not necessarily an actual part of it like an easements, rights-of-way, water rights and property improvements which includes all of the rights, privileges unless a contrary intention was stated.

Appurtenant – Something belonging to, adjunct, appended or annexed to property such as the common elements of a condominium unit which pass with the land when transferred.

Appurtenant easement – See Easement appurtenant

APR – See Annual Percentage Rate.

Architectural style –The general appearance and character of a building’s design and construction.

Area – A two-dimensional measurement of a surface which in real estate typically referrs to land.

ARM – See Adjustable Rate Mortgage.

Arm’s length transaction – A transaction in which all parties involved in a property sale are acting in their own best-interest and are under no undue influence or pressure to act from any other parties.

Arrears 1. A payment made at the end of a term. 2. Sometimes used to signify default or a payment overdue.

Arterial highway – A major traffic route into a prime traffic area.

Articles of incorporation – A written instrument that identify the fundamental ways a corporation will operate.

Artificial person – See Legal person.

Artisan’s lien – A lien given under common law to one skilled in some kind of mechanical craft or art as a protection that he or she will be paid the agreed upon charges for his or her work.

As is – 1. A real estate sale where the premises are being accepted by a buyer or tenant as they are without any disclosure of any known material defects or guarantees as to condition and which is currently illegal in most states. 2. A sale where the material defects have been disclosed and the buyer or tenant elects to proceed anyway. 3. A sale made with only the disclosure of latent defects. See Caveat emptor.

Asbestos – A carcogenic mineral previously used as insulation due to its great heat insulating qualties but now illegal.

Asking price – The price that an owner would like to receive which is also called list or listing price.

ASREC – See American Society of Real Estate Counselors.

Assemblage – The act of combining two or more contiguous or touching parcels into one new parcel which results in an increase in value that is called plottage. See Plottage.

Assessed value – An amount that is placed upon a piece of property by a public authority as a basis for levying ad valorem taxes which might be at market value or higher or lower than market value or based upon a percentage of market value.

Assessment – 1. The official valuation placed on property for ad valorem taxation or public improvements. 2. The payments made to a common interest subdivision homeowners association for maintenance and reserves. See Special assessment.

Assessment ratio – The ratio of assessed value when divided by market value.

Assessment roll– See Tax roll.

Assessor – An official whose responsibility is to discover, list and value real property for ad valorem taxation purposes.

Asset – Any real or personal property under ownership and having value.

Assign – The transfer of one party’s property contractual rights under leases, mortgages and trust deeds or contract rights to another.

Assignee – The one to whom a property or interests in a property have been transferred. Also know as Assigns.

Assignment – A written transfer from one party to another of an estate, or right therein, or of the contractual rights of possession and use, or in action.

Assignment of lease – The transfer of the rights and privileges to leased property to an assignee by an assignor who still remains liable unless formally released by the landlord.

Assignment of rents – A mortgage clause under which a lender may, upon the default by the borrower, take possession of the property, collect its income and apply it to the loan balance and the collection costs incurred by the lender.

Assignor – A party who assigns or transfers property.

Assigns – See Assignee.

Associate broker – 1. Generally, a person who holds a broker’s license that is held under the license of another broker. 2. In some areas, it is used to refer to any real estate licensee who holds a salesperson’s license.

Associate licensee – A broker or salesperson who is employed by a real estate broker usually under an independent contractor relationship.

Association of Real Estate License Law Officials, ARELLO – An association of state real estate commissioners and other officers and officials in the U.S. and Canada who are charged with the responsibility of enforcing the license laws of the various states and provinces.

Association of REALTORS – The national, state and local organizations whose members consist primarily of real estate brokers and salespersons. Previously known as Boards of REALTORS.

Assumable loan – A mortgage loan without a due-on-sale clause that allows an owner to sell property to a purchaser who is permitted under the loan documents to undertake the obligation of the loan with no change in loan terms. Most FHA and VA loans are assumable.

Assumed name – A name used by a person that is different than his or her legal name.

Assumption– A voluntarily act by one party to assume primary liability for paying the existing secured note against real property when he or she takes title.

Assumption agreement – A written document in which one party agrees to adopt or take on a debt or contractual obligation primarily resting upon another party.

Assumption clause – A buyer takes over an existing loan obligation and agrees to be fully liable for its repayment.

Assumption fee – A charge by a lender for changing over and processing new records for a new owner who is assuming an existing loan.

Assumption of loan – A situation in which a grantee who is purchasing property accepts the liability for the payment of the existing note secured by a mortgage or trust deed and becomes a co-guarantor with the seller for the payment of the loan unless the seller has been released by the lender. Also known as a loan assumption.

Assumption of mortgage – Also known as a mortgage assumption See assumption of loan.

Attachment – The seizure of real or personal property of a party to a lawsuit by the court for the purpose of acquiring jurisdiction over the property to compel an appearance before the court or to furnish security for a debt or costs arising out of the litigation.

Attest – An official act done by a witnessing party which establishs authenticity or affirms that a statement or document is true, genuine or accurate.

Attestation – An official act done by a witnessing party of the execution of a paper whereby the name of the witness is subscribed as testimony of such fact.

Attorney’s opinion of title – See Opinion of title.

Attorney-in-fact – A party who has been authorized by a principal under a power of attorney to perform a certain limited specific act or general acts. See Power of attorney.

Attractive nuisance – An appealing but potentially hazardous feature or characteristic of real property that could cause ham to passers by and for which the owner must take extra care to avoid liability for causing then harm.

Auction – A public sale of property to the highest bidder.

Auction with reserve –An offer by a seller to sell property but where the seller keeps or holds the right to establish a minimum opening bid, to accept or reject bids and to withdraw the property at any time before the completion of the auction.

Audit – An inspection done by a CPA or other qualified person of the books, records and procedures used by a business or individual.

Authentication – An attestation of a written instrument by an official so it can be possible for it to be legally admissible as evidence in a court of law.

Automated underwriting – A computerized system that permits lenders to speed up the loan application and approval process which reduces lending costs.

Automatic extension – A listing contract clause that is discouraged or prohibited in most states which automatically continues the contract for a set period of time after its expiration date.

Avulsion – A sudden and noticeable loss of land by the action of water normally by a sudden change in the course of a river.

Axial growth – That growth which moves a city out along main transportation routes and which takes a form of finger like extensions.


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